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Further evidence that adolescent substance use is affected not just by specific prevention activities, but by a school's overall climate, especially the affiliation it generates in its pupils.
Again an early schools programme which does not mention substance use at all but focuses on overall child development has later impacts on substance use (plus other benefits) as great as targeted drug education is typically able to produce.
In so far as they engaged pupils in their education, schools in the West Midlands of England also protected them against risky forms of substance use, offering a way to address drug prevention by focusing on core educational and social virtues.
In their first years at school, Baltimore pupils formed teams which could earn prizes and praise for good behaviour; 14 years later many fewer young lives were marred by substance-related problems, threatened by smoking, or on track to cause serious social problems.
Analyses of 48 US government-funded after-school and youth work projects for 9–18-year-olds at high risk of drug problems found that only interactive, well structured projects with supported and engaged staff curbed progression to more frequent substance use.
Origins and achievements of the US programme singled out by British reviewers as the most promising "effective intervention over the longer-term for the primary prevention of alcohol misuse".
Over six years later, children from poor US black families were far less likely to have tried heroin or cocaine after receiving an educational boost in their first year at primary school.
Using teachers' ratings to target the families of high-risk pupils, a US study has shown that a few hours spent improving parental monitoring and response to childrens' behaviour can lead two years later to reductions in substance use.
In three European countries secondary school pupils were invited to contract with a schoolmate to renounce their chosen indulgence for two weeks. Though most chose sweets, TV or computer games, there was also a spillover effect to substance use.
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