This entry is our analysis of a review or synthesis of research findings added to the Effectiveness Bank. The original review was not published by Findings; click Title to order a copy. Free reprints may be available from the authors – click prepared e-mail. The summary conveys the findings and views expressed in the review. Below is a commentary from Drug and Alcohol Findings.
Links to other documents. Hover over for notes. Click to highlight passage referred to. Unfold extra text
Copy title and link
| Comment/query | Tweet
Branscum P., Sharma M.
Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly: 2010, 28, p. 63–77.
Unable to obtain a copy by clicking title? Try asking the author for a reprint by adapting this prepared e-mail or by writing to Dr Branscum at branscpw@mail.uc.edu.
Studies published in the mid-2000s confirm that counselling based on motivational interviewing helps heavy drinking US college students control their drinking and reduce related problems.
Summary The Task Force on College Drinking established by the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) considers motivational interviewing to be one of the few interventions clearly shown to reduce drinking in the college setting. Motivational interviewing is a counselling approach which avoids explicit confrontation and seeks to engender motivation by highlighting the client's own reasons for changing substance use.
This review aimed to summarise new findings for motivational interviewing interventions for college students and derive implications for research and health-promoting interventions. A search was conducted for English-language research articles documenting studies of motivational interviewing in colleges published from 2003–2008.
Eleven such studies were found. In these, five interventions targeted heavy-drinking college students and four 'adjudicated' students who had to attend because they had broken college rules regarding alcohol. The remaining two targeted underage In the USA 21 years of age is the legal drinking age. students and men in their first week of classes. Interventions typically lasted about an hour.
Across these studies it appears that motivational interventions consistently reduced drinking and related problems among college students and high-risk subgroups. However, only three studies used the research design (a randomised controlled trial) best able to determine whether the intervention actually caused the reductions, and all three targeted heavy drinkers. Four studies had no comparison or control A group of people, households, organisations, communities or other units who do not participate in the intervention(s) being evaluated. Instead, they receive no intervention or none relevant to the outcomes being assessed, carry on as usual, or receive an alternative intervention (for the latter the term comparison group may be preferable). Outcome measures taken from the controls form the benchmark against which changes in the intervention group(s) are compared to determine whether the intervention had an impact and whether this is statistically significant. Comparability between control and intervention groups is essential. Normally this is best achieved by randomly allocating research participants to the different groups. Alternatives include sequentially selecting participants for one then the other group(s), or deliberately selecting similar set of participants for each group. groups against which to benchmark changes associated with the intervention, including two of the four of adjudicated students. Given that the students in these studies tended to be unusually heavy drinkers, lack of control/comparison groups makes them vulnerable to the tendency for atypical behaviour to normalise over time even without intervention ('regression to the mean'). It is also possible that adjudicated students cut back due to the sanctions imposed by the college and the wish to avoid being caught again. Studies which did feature a comparison intervention rarely described in sufficient detail what that intervention consisted of. On the plus side, most studies had adequate follow-up assessments of at least three months.
Many of the studies do not appear to have been based on a theory of how the intervention might lead to changes in drinking and related problems, though implicit in several was the idea that motivational interviewing could stimulate the desire to change in initially unmotivated students.
Interventions based on motivational interviewing reduce drinking and related problems among college students, but analysis of the reviewed studies suggests their effectiveness might be improved by:
• using a standard calendar-based assessment of how much and when the student has been drinking as part of the counselling process;
• offering personalised feedback on their drinking and related problems;
• counselling which features open questions that invite elaboration by the student, and responses by the counsellor which elaborate on and then reflect back their own comments to the student ('complex reflections').
commentary As with motivational interviewing for young people in general rather than just college students, lack of adequate comparison interventions raises doubts over whether the motivational nature of the interviews was the active ingredient, or whether any acceptable and feasible intervention would have been just as effective.
One riposte to such doubts is that among people not seeking help, motivational interventions (which do not confront or insist that participants accept a clinical label or a pre-determined outcome) are among the few which are acceptable to the participants and feasible – feasible partly because they are acceptable, and partly because they can be quite brief. Another is that we have evidence – from studies of young people among others – that what happens during motivational sessions does matter. In particular, from a British study of further education students and others from Switzerland, it seems that it is important to embody the overall spirit of the approach and, in finer detail, to use (as the featured review concluded) the skill of reflective listening to 'play back' to the client an elaborated version of their own comments.
The issue of whether other counselling/information-giving styles might have been just as effective as motivational interviewing was also addressed in a review which aggregated results from 62 studies evaluating attempts to curb risky drinking among college students. In line with the featured review's conclusions, among the interventions with the strongest research backing were individual, face-to-face discussions which adopted a motivational interviewing style, and which featured personalised feedback on the individual's drinking profile – in particular, 'normative' feedback setting their drinking and/or risks alongside national or local norms.
Most if not all the reviewed studies were conducted in the USA, where drinking is illegal below age 21 and attitudes to drink and youth drinking differ from those in the UK. However, a UK study which also tested motivational interviewing among college students found that in the short term this did reduce smoking, drinking and cannabis use among further education students already using stimulants and/or regularly using cannabis.
Last revised 15 March 2012
Comment/query
Open Effectiveness Bank home page
Top 10 most closely related documents on this site. For more try a subject or free text search
REVIEW 2014 Interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable young people
STUDY 2009 Dismantling motivational interviewing and feedback for college drinkers: a randomized clinical trial
STUDY 2011 Fidelity to motivational interviewing and subsequent cannabis cessation among adolescents
REVIEW 2015 Prevention of addictive behaviours