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Web-based alcohol prevention for incoming college students: a randomized controlled trial.
Hustad J.T.P., Barnett N.P, Borsari B. et al.
Addictive Behaviors: 2010, 35, p. 183–189.
Unable to obtain a copy by clicking title? Try asking the author for a reprint by adapting this prepared e-mail or by writing to Dr Hustad at jhustad@hmc.psu.edu. You could also try this alternative source.
Study at a US college which required new students to complete a short web-based alcohol education/prevention programme shows that such programmes really can start students off on a healthier drinking trajectory.
Summary College students are an at-risk population based on their heavy alcohol consumption and associated consequences. First-year students are at particular risk due to greater freedom and access to alcohol on campus. Web-based (electronic) interventions (e-interventions) are being rapidly adopted as a universal approach to prevent high-risk drinking, but have not been well evaluated. Programmes vary in scope and length, but all provide 'normative' drinking information on the true prevalence and intensity of drinking among young people, protective strategies (eg, tips for safer drinking), and alcohol education. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the two most widely adopted commercial e-interventions, AlcoholEdu A three-hour educational programme featuring multimedia presentations and static text within three content areas. The first, Shaping our Decisions, focuses on social pressures, injunctive alcohol norms, alcohol advertising, and biopsychosocial consequences of heavy episodic drinking. The second , Knowing the Facts, provides information about the physiological effects of alcohol and alcohol expectancies. The final section, When it Matters, provides tips and suggestions about how to be safer when drinking. The programme blends text-based information, streaming video, and interactive web pages. (see the AlcoholEdu for College web site) and the Alcohol eCHECKUP TO GO The briefest alcohol e-intervention currently available for college students (approximately 20 minutes to complete). Provides personalised normative feedback (comparing the student with typical young people) using text and illustrations to present the amount of alcohol consumed, caloric intake from alcohol use, gender-specific alcohol normative information, estimated annual monetary cost of the alcohol consumed, estimated blood alcohol level, tolerance, and negative alcohol-related consequences. Also presents three short videos about standardised drink definitions, blood alcohol level, and the biphasic response curve. The last section contains a list of safer-drinking strategies and a referral list of local and national resources. (known as e-Chug; see the eCHECKUP TO GO web site), in reducing both alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences in incoming college students. This is the first controlled study to compare the effectiveness of AlcoholEdu versus e-Chug when used as preventive interventions for incoming students.
The trial involved 82 students out of 150 randomly selected to be asked to join the study. They were randomly allocated to AlcoholEdu, e-Chug, or to an assessment-only control A group of people, households, organisations, communities or other units who do not participate in the intervention(s) being evaluated. Instead, they receive no intervention or none relevant to the outcomes being assessed, carry on as usual, or receive an alternative intervention (for the latter the term comparison group may be preferable). Outcome measures taken from the controls form the benchmark against which changes in the intervention group(s) are compared to determine whether the intervention had an impact and whether this is statistically significant. Comparability between control and intervention groups is essential. Normally this is best achieved by randomly allocating research participants to the different groups. Alternatives include sequentially selecting participants for one then the other group(s), or deliberately selecting similar set of participants for each group. group. The trial site was a university which required new students to complete AlcoholEdu prior to moving into student accommodation. Students were told that joining the study and completing the assigned condition would meet this university requirement.
Compared to the assessment-only control group, participants in the AlcoholEdu and e-Chug groups reported lower levels of alcohol use across multiple measures at one-month follow-up. Participants who received AlcoholEdu reported significantly fewer adverse alcohol-related consequences These related to the social–interpersonal domain (eg, 'While drinking, I have said or done embarrassing things'), impaired control (eg, 'I often have found it difficult to limit how much I drink'), self-perception (eg, 'I have felt badly about myself because of drinking'), self-care (eg, 'I haven't been as sharp mentally because of my drinking'), risky behaviour (eg, 'I have taken foolish risks when I have been drinking'), academic/vocational difficulty (eg, 'I have received a lower grade on an exam or paper than I ordinarily would have because of my drinking'), physical dependence (eg, 'I have felt anxious, agitated, or restless after stopping or cutting down on my drinking'), and blackout drinking (eg, 'I've not been able to remember large stretches of time while drinking'). than assessment-only controls. There was also a trend for reduced consequences in participants who received e-Chug versus assessment-only, but this was not statistically significant. Most differences arose because the control group escalated their drinking after starting college while the intervention groups did not. Findings indicate that e-intervention is a promising prevention approach to address the problem of college student alcohol consumption, especially for campuses with limited resources.
These results have strong clinical implications for primary prevention of risky drinking in college students. Findings suggest that interventions delivered prior to college can be helpful at reducing short-term alcohol use and the related consequences. Reductions in alcohol use during the first weeks of college may be extremely important, because it is speculated that the first few weeks on campus are crucial to future success in college. Not only was AlcoholEdu effective at reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences during this critical juncture, but this programme was also beneficial because it provided an opportunity for all matriculating students to receive similar information about alcohol and its effects. E-Chug was also effective at reducing drinking and provided students with information that is typically delivered in a face-to-face brief motivational interview. Therefore, these programmes may greatly reduce the role of student inexperience in drinking and related behaviour. This foundation of knowledge could also facilitate more insightful and sophisticated conversations with peers, parents, and faculty members, as well as counsellors who provide high-risk students with additional alcohol intervention.
commentary The main questions over these findings are, would they be replicated with pupils who have not volunteered for the programmes, how long would the effects last, and are these peculiar to the US situation, where under-21 drinking is largely banned. But they do open up the possibility that colleges could easily and cheaply meet their obligations to safeguard the health of youngsters, many of whom will for the first time be free to drink heavily without parental constraints and will feel encouraged to do so by their new friends and the new environment. In Britain in 2008–9 a survey of 770 undergraduates from seven universities across England found that 61% scored positive for risky drinking on a standard screening questionnaire, including 1 in 5 who were actually experiencing some harmful consequences or were probably dependent.
Last revised 10 June 2011. First uploaded 10 June 2011
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