This entry is our analysis of a study considered particularly relevant to improving outcomes from drug or alcohol interventions in the UK. The original study was not published by Findings; click Title to order a copy. Free reprints may be available from the authors – click prepared e-mail. The summary conveys the findings and views expressed in the study. Below is a commentary from Drug and Alcohol Findings.
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A randomized trial of individual and couple behavioral alcohol treatment for women.
McCrady B.S., Epstein E.E., Cook S. et al.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology: 2009, 77(2), p. 243–256.
Unable to obtain a copy by clicking title? Try asking the author for a reprint by adapting this prepared e-mail or by writing to Dr McCrady at bmccrady@unm.edu.
Alcohol dependent women experienced more lasting improvements when couples-based therapy embedded therapeutic processes in a lasting relationship with a willing husband or partner, extending an impressive research portfolio for the therapy.
Summary Behavioural couples therapy assumes that substance use problems and intimate relationships are reciprocally related, such that substance use impairs relationship functioning, and severe relationship distress combined with attempts by partners to control substance use may prompt craving, reinforce substance use, or trigger relapse. To break this vicious cycle and transform the relationship in to a positive force, the therapy aims to build support for abstinence and to improve relationship functioning. A major limitation on applicability has been that the partner of the problem substance user must not themselves have a substance use problem. In respect at least of drinking, the featured study tried dispensing with this requirement. It sought to further broaden applicability by combining couples therapy with components aimed at the individual patient so the combination could be deployed as a standalone approach rather than (as typical in previous studies) supplementing other therapies.
Through adverts and referrals from local alcohol treatment services, contact was made with 351 women who seemed potentially eligible for the study. Apart from alcohol abuse or dependence, the main requirements were that the women were in a committed Defined as married, cohabiting for at least six months, or in a committed heterosexual relationship of at least one year's duration with intent to continue the relationship. relationship with a male partner who met criteria Either no evidence of domestic violence in the past year, or, if there had been any physical aggression, the victim reported no fear of retribution for discussions that might occur in couple therapy, and either the violence occurred only in the presence of intoxication or had not caused injury requiring medical attention. These assessments were conducted separately with each partner when the other was not present. intended to exclude men who might respond aggressively to involvement in therapy, and that neither were physically dependent on drugs other than alcohol. A further requirement that the man was willing to participate in research and treatment meant (it was known or presumed) that a third of the women could not join the study. In the end 109 joined, of whom 102 participated in at least one treatment session and formed the sample from whom outcomes were recorded. All but three were diagnosed as dependent on alcohol. Typically they were white women in their mid-40s who were working and/or looking after the home. At entry to the study they admitted drinking heavily Over three US drinks – about 42gm alcohol or just over five UK units. on nearly 60% of days in the past three months. Their partners were on average much less frequent drinkers, less likely to be heavy drinkers, and generally in full-time employment.
At random the women were allocated to one of two abstinence-oriented cognitive–behavioural therapies Neither featured other than trivial female-specific adaptations. intended to be delivered over 20 sessions for up to six months. The first was an individual approach involving only the woman and featuring typical Self-monitoring, analysis of the functions drinking served in the woman's life, and coping skills to avoid alcohol and deal with other life problems. cognitive–behavioural components. The second involved both partners. Couples sessions were extended from an hour to 90 minutes to incorporate the individual components of the first therapy plus interventions intended to teach the man to support abstinence, decrease attention to drinking, and improve the relationship through enhanced reciprocity, communication and problem-solving. The men were free (but not required) to use the therapy's interventions to change their own drinking, and if asked for, treatment referrals were offered. On average more individual therapy sessions were attended (15 versus 12) and more women completed the course (44% versus 24%). However, longer sessions meant that in total more hours were spent in the couples therapy.
Treatment progress was tracked every three months for a year and a half, mainly by interviewing each partner separately and selecting the 'worst' report on the woman's drinking over the past three months. In the year after treatment ended, women who had been in couples therapy were slightly (but the advantage was statistically significant) better able to sustain the rapid improvements These improvements in proportions of days spent (heavy) drinking were not due to more women totally avoiding these activities. Neither during nor after treatment was there any difference in the proportions of women who sustained total abstinence or totally avoided heavy drinking. in proportion of days abstinent and days of heavy drinking seen in the first months of treatment. On average they ended up not drinking on 75% of days compared to 63% after individual therapy, and drank heavily on just 13% of days compared to 22% chart.
A composite measure combined the degree to which before treatment each woman was satisfied with their relationship, it was not characterised by aggression, and the woman's drinking was not triggered by relationship issues. After treatment had ended, only women in (according to this measure) relatively healthy relationships benefited more from couples therapy in terms of reducing the proportion of days they drank heavily. Women in unhealthy relationships did just as well in individual therapy. Women whose own psychological health was relatively poor when treatment started also benefited most clearly from the couples therapy.
The authors concluded that their results were consistent with other studies supporting the relatively greater efficacy of couple rather than individual treatment when both partners are prepared to participate. Together with these studies, the featured study suggests that couples therapy is effective for women of varied backgrounds and ages either as a standalone treatment or a supplementary therapy, may not require the accompanying partner to be free of drinking problems, and remains effective (perhaps particularly so) when the female partner starts treatment in relatively poor psychological health.
commentary In research terms behavioural couples therapy is one of the best-established family approaches and among the best established of psychosocial substance misuse therapies in general, though generally as an adjunct to other approaches. Among women, two previous studies dealing respectively with drinking and drug/alcohol problems, had demonstrated its superiority to treatments In one study couples viewing lectures together and/or 12-step-based individual counselling; in the other, group and individual cognitive-behavioural therapy. not involving family-based therapy. A recent meta-analysis A study which uses recognised procedures to summarise quantitative results from several studies of the same or similar interventions to arrive at composite outcome scores. Usually undertaken to allow the intervention's effectiveness to be assessed with greater confidence than on the basis of the studies taken individually. synthesising results from relevant studies found that for the minority of patients for whom it feasible, acceptable and safe, the therapy reduces substance use relative to (mainly) individual therapies, and is more likely to improve the quality of family relationships. Improvements in relationships seem to pave the way for later relative gains in substance use outcomes, meaning that in some studies improvements were better sustained than after individual therapies. Though these outcomes were not included in the meta-analysis, studies have also shown that the therapy outperforms individual-based treatments in respect of child adjustment, cost-effectiveness, and reduced interpersonal violence. Behavioural couples therapy was one of only two The other was contingency management. psychosocial therapies recommended by Britain's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) for problems related to illicit drug use. Experts reached a similar conclusion after reviewing the alcohol treatment literature for England's National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse (NTA).
Both NICE and the review for the NTA noted the therapy's limited applicability: normally the patient must share an intact, live-in relationship with a relative or partner not also experiencing substance use problems, and the relationship must be sufficiently supportive for both to productively engage with the therapy. Particularly when they engage women in the treatment of male substance users, care is also needed to exclude the risk that such therapies might perpetuate or aggravate victimisation by abusive partners. The featured study dispensed with the need for cohabitation and for the partner to be free of drinking problems, but in practice The men did not drink on two-thirds of days, just 1 in 7 drank heavily (over three US drinks – about 42gm alcohol or just over five UK units), compared (as the study noted) to other samples of male partners, they were relatively free not just of substance use but also psychological problems, and just five were living apart from their female partners. these extensions applied to very few couples. As such the study can only be considered a very partial test of whether relaxing these requirements makes any difference to the therapy's effectiveness. It seems likely that the requirement that the man be willing and able to help in the therapy will always tend to exclude those with serious substance use problems or whose relationship is such that they do not share a home with the woman. Despite the systematic selection of promising and willing couples, a few women who dropped out of treatment were uncomfortable at the presence of their partner in sessions, and the logistics of getting both along to therapy were at times difficult, perhaps partly accounting for poorer retention in the couples therapy. However, the viability and value of combining individual and couples therapy components does seem to have been demonstrated, widening the potential applicability of the approach.
Another limitation is the availability of family therapy of any kind. The dominant paradigm sees addiction as a disorder of the individual and treats it accordingly. Few substance misuse professionals have been trained in family approaches. A census of UK alcohol treatment agencies conducted in 1996 made no mention of family therapy at all. Calling for greater family involvement, in 2002 an article cited a "recent survey" of one of Britain's largest non-statutory alcohol agencies. During the census period, family members were involved (as couples) in the client's therapy in just three of 174 client contacts. In 2006 guidance from the English Department of Health and the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse did not specifically mention family therapy, mainly At most, help with family issues was seen as an adjunct "provided in parallel with the core treatment interventions for alcohol problems". seeing the family as a beneficiary of treatment rather than a participant.
When competent therapists are available, and the patient is in a committed relationship of the kind which makes involving the partner feasible, acceptable and safe, behavioural couples therapy seems preferable to non-family therapies, and the benefits are more likely to extend to the whole family. Such advantages may not be apparent to treatment staff; in this and previous studies (1 2) of female patients, improvements during treatment have generally been the same whether or not couples therapy was employed. This may be partly because much of the initial gains are to do with having made the decision and taken steps to enter treatment, rather than treatment itself. However, once treatment ends, embedding therapeutic processes in a lasting relationship seems to mean that the gains are better sustained. Where couples therapy is not possible, it should not be forgotten that individual therapies focused on the (in these studies, male) drinker also substantially benefit not just the patient, but their partners and children.
The featured study's strengths include excellent From 98% at first falling to at the final assessment 86%. follow-up rates and sophisticated statistical analyses. Of the methodological issues affecting confidence in its findings or their wider applicability, a major one is that most The study comments: "First, although we attempted to recruit from community treatment programs, most participants entered the study in response to direct advertising. Despite the potential limitations in such a recruitment strategy, the women were quite similar to reported samples of women in treatment in terms of quantity and frequency of drinking as well as levels of comorbid psychopathology." patients did not seek treatment in the normal way, but instead responded to the study's ads. Their motivations may have been to do with joining (with accompanying financial compensation) a study rather than simply seeking help. Some other issues are dealt with below.
Participants were relatively affluent compared to other caseloads. Research assistants who gathered the outcome data knew which treatment patients had been assigned to, opening up the possibility that somehow they favoured one of the treatments. So too does the fact that it seems They described it as "our model". the authors of the study themselves developed this version of the couples intervention. This also applies to most other studies of behavioural couples therapy, and studies not conducted by the developers usually produced the least convincing results. In substance misuse and in other sectors, research conducted by teams linked in some way to the intervention they are testing has been found (1 2 3) to produce more positive findings than fully independent research. The applicability of an intervention is severely limited if effectiveness depends on the involvement of the developers.
Six couples randomly allocated to couples therapy never participated in a single session versus just one allocated to individual therapy. These seven were left out of the analysis, compromising the equivalence of the two caseloads. Though few, at the (perhaps unlikely) extremes, very bad drinking outcomes among these women would have By the final follow-up point the 50 couples therapy patients drank heavily on 12.78% of days. Assuming the six omitted women drank heavily every day this proportion would be raised to 22.1% (([12.78x50] +[6x100])/56). By the final follow-up point the 52 individual therapy patients drank heavily on 22.46% of days. Assuming the one omitted woman drank heavily every day this proportion would be raised to 23.9% (([22.46x52] +[1x100])/53). almost eliminated the couples therapy's advantage in curbing the proportion of heavy drinking days by the end of the follow-up. The study did not report how the quality of the relationships between the partners developed in response to the therapies. What is known is that six of the 52 couples in individual therapy (12%) and 10 of the 50 in the couples therapy (20%) separated during the follow-up period.
Thanks for their comments on this entry in draft to Barbara McCrady of the Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions at the University of New Mexico. Commentators bear no responsibility for the text including the interpretations and any remaining errors.
Last revised 22 February 2010
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